Reflexões sobre o plágio e a fraude em estudos brasileiros / Reflections on plagiarism and fraud in Brazilian studies / Reflexiones sobre plagio y fraude en estudios brasileños

Resumo Este estudo reflete sobre o plágio e a fraude na produção científica brasileira por meio de revisão integrativa de artigos publicados entre janeiro de 2009 e junho de 2019. As publicações foram buscadas nas bases DOAJ, Lilacs, PubMed, SciELO e Web of Science, com os descritores exatos "plagiarism", "scientific misconduct", "fraud" e "Brazil". Com a rápida expansão da internet e o desenvolvimento tecnológico, os casos de má conduta na produção científica aumentaram, ocorrendo, por exemplo, adulteração, invenção ou reutilização de dados, múltiplas submissões, conflitos de autoria e de interesses, publicação "salame" (fracionada) e plágio. Entre as más condutas acadêmicas mais comuns estão a "cola" e o plágio, presentes nos mais diversos níveis de ensino, da educação básica à educação superior.

Abstract This integrative review reflects on plagiarism and fraud in Brazilian studies based on scientific production and academic attitude. Literature search of articles published between January 2009 and June 2019 was conducted in the DOAJ, LILACS, PubMed, SciELO and Web of Science databases, using the exact descriptors "Plagiarism," "Scientific Misconduct," "Fraud" and "Brazil." The rapid expansion of the internet and technological development lead to increased cases of misconduct in scientific production, occurring, for example, tampering, fabrication or reuse of data, multiple submissions, conflicts of authorship and interests, salami publication (salami slicing) and plagiarism. Among the most common academic misconducts are the copying and plagiarism, present at all education levels, whether in primary or tertiary education.

Resumen Este estudio promueve una reflexión sobre el plagio y el fraude en estudios brasileños basados en la producción científica y la postura académica a través de una revisión integradora de artículos publicados entre enero de 2009 y junio de 2019. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos DOAJ, LILACS, PubMed, SciELO y Web. of Science, utilizando los descriptores exactos "Plagio", "Mala conducta científica", "Fraude" y "Brasil". Con la rápida expansión de Internet y el desarrollo tecnológico, han aumentado los casos de mala conducta en la producción científica, ocurriendo, por ejemplo, adulteración, invención o reutilización de datos, múltiples presentaciones, conflictos de autoría e intereses, publicación "salami" (fraccional) y plagio. Entre las faltas académicas más comunes se encuentran el "pegamento" y el plagio, presentes en los más diversos estratos, ya sea en la Educación Básica o en la Educación Superior.

Bases para escribir una monografía o una tesina / Fundamentals for writing a monograph or thesis

A la hora de escribir un trabajo científico sobre un tema elegido, se debe comenzar la búsqueda de la bibliografía y acudir al tutor para su guía y asesoramiento. Luego de ordenar las ideas, se planea el trabajo que quedará plasmado en el índice. Se comienza escribiendo la introducción, donde se expone brevemente toda la temática y se fijan los objetivos generales y específicos. Se continúa con el desarrollo, donde se amplían los conceptos expuestos en la introducción. Las conclusiones cierran el tema como la respuesta a los objetivos planteados. El trabajo finaliza con las citas bibliográficas según las normas establecidas. Concluido el trabajo, se organiza el resumen.

Zane Grey, de dentista a millonario / Zane Grey, from dentist to millonaire

Zane Grey, famoso y millonario, comenzó siendo dentista y terminó en el Far West.

Formato IMRaD o IMRyD para artículos científicos?: [editoriales] / IMRaD or IMRyD format for scientific articles?: [editorial]

Pues son lo mismo, son acrónimos; el primero corresponde al idioma inglés (I = introduction; M = methods; R = results; a = and; D = discussion) y el segundo al español (I = introducción; M = métodos; R = resultados; y = y, D = discusión) y es el formato adoptado por las revistas científicas e investigadores para la publicación de sus manuscritos desde hace más de cien años (1). Surge entonces una pregunta. Si el tema es tan antiguo, ¿por qué se aborda hoy? Pues bien, con frecuencia recibimos como editores consultas sobre el tema y en particular sobre los resúmenes estructurados, y en algunos casos, los consultores manifiestan con extrañeza no conocer del tema. En consecuencia, y por curiosidad editorial se realizó una pequeña investigación interna sobre el origen de estas consultas, la cual por razones obvias se reservan y, como resultado se obtuvo que gran parte de dichas consultas provenían de autores recién iniciados en las lides de la publicación de los resultados de su investigación.

As virtudes das plantas: circulação de idéias e práticas médicas na América, séculos XVI-XVIII / The virtues of the plants: circulation of ideas and medicals practices in América, centuries XVI-XVIII

Demonstra a existência de uma rede de troca de informações que se dava entre os inacianos no interior do continente americano. Acredita-se que dados sobre as plantas e animais coletados na América pelos jesuítas não eram apenas remetidos para a Europa, como vem sendo valorizado nos estudos sobre o impacto dos descobrimentos na ampliação do conhecimento sobre História Natural e da medicina durante a Época Moderna. Ao mesmo tempo em que as informações chegaram à Europa por meio de cartas e crônicas, estas mesmas informações eram trocadas pelos missionários no âmbito do continente americano, ou seja, havia uma circulação do conhecimento sobre as virtudes das plantas, circularidade esta garantida tanto pela movimentação dos missinários na América, quanto pela existência de textos manuscritos. A produção do conhecimento sobre a natureza americana fez parte das estratégias de conquista e ocupação das novas terras, as informações sobre características climáticas e sobre as virtudes dos animais e plantas foram fundamentais para garantir a manutenção da sociedade colonial. Entre os grupos que contribuíram para edificação de uma nova sociedade nos trópicos, os jesuítas foram agentes importantes para a produção e difusão do conhecimento sobre a fauna e a flora do Novo Mundo durante aquela época.

Characteristics of reviewers and quality of reviews: a retrospective study of reviewers at Pakistan Journal Medical Sciences

To study the characteristics, evaluate the performance of reviewers and quality of their reviews as being helpful for the authors and the editors to make a final decision on the manuscripts. Information was retrieved from 404 peer review proformas filled in by the Reviewers involving 377 manuscripts from July 2003 to November 2005.The information collected included age, sex, academic affiliation, number of publications, training local or overseas, punctuality, hand written notes or typed, participation in peer review workshops etc. Rating scale of 1-5 [1 meant casual and 5 detailed comments] was used to evaluate their comments regarding originality of manuscripts, comments regarding strong and weak points, tables, usefulness of the manuscript and interpretation of results. A total of sixty eight reviewers were evaluated. Majority of the reviewers 46[67.7%] were between the age of 40-60 years. Only three were female. Four [5.9%] reviewers had more than hundred publications to their credit while twelve [17.6%] had 51-100, thirty two [47%] had between 25-50 and twenty [29.4%] had less than twenty five publications. Fifty one [75%] were affiliated with academic institutions. Those who attended peer review workshops [38 out of 68] did a better review. Eleven [16.2%] did not wish to disclose their identity for various reasons. Based on their consistency and quality of reviews, fifteen reviewers were rated excellent by the Editors which included eight retired medical teachers, thirty three good and twenty as average reviewers. Performance of reviewers and quality of their reviews was mostly dependent on their interest in academics. Best reviewers were retired medical teachers personally known to the editors, those in private sector over 60 years of age and those who were exposed to any training programme in peer review system. There is a general tendency among the Editors to overuse efficient, punctual reviewers which must be checked to avoid burn out syndrome which ultimately affects the quality of their reviews. Editors should be consistently on the look out for good quality reviewers to expand their Reviewers Database which will eventually help improve the overall quality of the manuscripts and standard of the journal

Online edition of a journal: a great source of manuscripts and potential regional cooperation

Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences [Pak J Med Sci] formerly known as 'Specialist', is a quarterly journal, published since 1984. It is indexed by EMBASE/Excerpta Medica and WHO Extra MED but not by Medline. Even though the journal is being published regularly for the last 22 years, its online full-text edition was introduced only in late 2002. We have assessed the impact of online edition of PJMS on the number of manuscripts received internationally, along with the improvement in the visibility of the journal during the last three years. The findings are presented here along with the proposals for the potential cooperation between the countries of the region. We started receiving increased number of manuscripts internationally in 2003 and this gratifying trend continues even today. In 2003, we received 37 manuscripts which increased to 62 in 2004 and 133 in 2005 [an increase of + 300% vs. 2003]. Initially, the authors from 10 countries were involved. Now this number has increased to 22. The geographical spread is as wide as four continents. Online submission of articles has also increased from within the country during this period. Taking Iran as an example of the contributing countries [as the authors from Iran have been our major contributors], we received 13 manuscripts in 2003, increasing to 21 in 2004 and 74 in 2005.The acceptance rate for the publication of articles from Iran has varied from 30 - 47% each year. Positive attitude of editorial staff and the helpful approach on the part of reviewers has facilitated the increase in the acceptance rate.This shows regional co-operation. Manuscripts from any country can have deficiencies. Those received from Iran have had their share of discrepancies. These discrepancies have ranged from problems with poor English, to inconsistency of format and quality of references and disregard for the 'instruction to authors'. Significant delays occur in the processing of articles due to too much time taken by the authors to give the feedback to the queries of reviewers and the return of proof- read articles, amongst many other elements. We feel that online edition of a journal not only helps to increase the visibility of the journal but also proves to be a great source of manuscripts, even without indexing by Medline, provided the regularity and standard of the journal is maintained. In addition, it is an important potential source of coordination between the regional countries to work together for the training of writers, reviewers and editors to improve the standard of medical journalism, and thus improve the standards of medical journals in the region

A Four-year analysis of manuscripts submitted for publication in West African Journal of Medicine (June 2001 to May 2005) (A brief report)

There are various criteria that could be used to rate a tertiary institution. One of these is the productivity of the members of staff which is shown by the research conducted; publications submitted and manuscripts published in indexed journals. Manuscripts submitted and published in one of the highly rated indexed journals in our locality were analysed with a view to identifying how the institutions add to knowledge by their contributions. Our findings show that the four top-rated institutions in terms of manuscripts published in West African Journal of Medicine (WAJM) are University College Hospital (UCH); lbadan; University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital (UITH); Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital (OAUTH); and Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH)

Referencias bibliográficas según el estilo Vancouver: adecuación de los requisitos uniformes a los recursos electrónicos: La Habana, 1999-2001 / Vancouver-style bibliographical references: daptation of the Uniform Requisites to the electronic resources: La Havana, 1999-2001

Hace 5 años, como resultante de la voluntad editorial del Centro Nacional de Información de Ciencias Médicas, se publicó la primera versión del folleto Las referencias bibliográficas según el estilo Vancouver a fin de aplicar, en nuestro medio, criterios normalizativos eficientes en torno al tema de la preparación de los manuscritos elaborados para su posterior publicación y en específico, de las referencias bibliográficas.Ese material, provisto de instrucciones metodológicas destinadas a mejorar el conocimiento de la redacción de las referencias bibliográficas, se nutrió de los Requisitos uniformes para preparar los manuscritos que se publican en revistas biomédicas, emitido por el Comité Internacional de Editores de Revistas Médicas. En él se abordaron diferentes aspectos relativos a la descripción bibliográfica de los documentos tradicionales citados en los artículos, libros y folletos que edita la Editorial Ciencias Médicas

Problems faced by edtiors of peer reviewed medical journals

Forty-six medical and dental journals are published from Pakistan of which only 29 are currently recognized by the Pakistan Medical and Dental Council. Only a few are peer reviewed. Six are indexed in Medline while EMBASE Excerpta Medica and World Health Organization Index Medicus for Eastern Mediterranean Region cover others. Editors of the peer reviewed medical journals are faced with numerous problems, which relate to the authors. Some of these are: shortage of quality of manuscripts, poor quality of reviewers, problems with indexation in international indexing services particularly Medline, duplicate submission and authorship and lastly, financial problems. Patronage from the Pharma industry is the major source of revenue which itself has serious implications. Editing a medical journal is a very stressful job and the editors have to work under too many pressures. A lot of useful data is presented at medical conferences, but a vast majority of it remains unpublished for various reasons, which adversely affects the citation rate from scientists from the developing third world countries in the world of medical literature. A few lectures on medical writing and research methodology to final year medical students will expose them to the art of medical writing. Specialty organizations can be persuaded to have a session on medical writing at their conferences, which will be extremely helpful not only to the potential new authors but also others, thereby improving the quality of their manuscripts. In addition to regular seminars, workshops for authors, reviewers and training courses for editors, subscribing to local medical journals by healthcare professionals and libraries are some of the measures that will help improve the situation to a great extent